GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN (April 24, 2025) — A recent American Enterprise Institute report does a good job of identifying and describing long-term trends in student performance using national and international assessment data.
However, a review finds that the report then falls short in its attempts to analyze and understand the factors driving these trends.
In his review of “Testing Theories of Why: Four Keys to Interpreting US Student Achievement Trends,” Chris Domaleski of the National Center for the Improvement of Educational Assessment explains that the report identifies four major trends: (1) student performance peaked in the early 2010s before declining; (2) lower-performing students have seen the sharpest declines; (3) achievement gaps in the United States are widening more than in other countries; and (4) similar declines appear in adult literacy and numeracy scores. The report also attempts to challenge implicit theories, such as the idea that recent declines are solely due to the pandemic or that all students are affected uniformly.
While Domaleski praises the report for effectively highlighting these key trends, he points to problems with the report’s analysis. He notes, for example, that the report overlooks important data sources that could provide a more comprehensive picture. It also fails to account for uncertainty or offer guidance on identifying meaningful differences. Finally, its effort to “pressure test” possible explanations is underdeveloped, and its theories lack depth and fail to engage with established research on causal inference.
Though the report serves as a useful starting point for discussions on US student achievement, Domaleski concludes that it falls short of providing a framework for understanding why these trends exist.
Find the review, by Chris Domaleski, at: greatlakescenter.org.
Find “Testing Theories of Why: Four Keys to Interpreting US Student Achievement Trends,” written by Nat Malkus and published by American Enterprise Institute, at:
NEPC Reviews (https://nepc.colorado.edu/reviews) provide the public, policymakers, and the press with timely, academically-sound reviews of selected publications. NEPC Reviews are made possible in part by support provided by the Great Lakes Center for Education Research and Practice: greatlakescenter.org.
The mission of the Great Lakes Center for Education Research & Practice is to support and disseminate high-quality research and reviews of research for the purpose of informing education policy and to develop research-based resources for use by those who advocate for education reform. Visit the Great Lakes Center website at GreatLakesCenter.org.
